Information System Organisation 2004

Overview of Computer-Integrated-Manufacturing (CIM)

by Prabhas Chongstitvatana
lecture for the class ISO    18 Feb 2004
time 1:30 hour

Outline

  1. Manufacturing enterprises and systems   30 min.
  2. Design to Products  30 min.
  3. MRP, automation, quality 30 min.
  • Computer-integrated-manufacturing
  • Rules of elimination
  • Design process
  • Concurrent engineering
  • Design Automation
  • Design for manufacturing and assembly
  • Just-in-time manucfacturing
  • seven wastes
  • Flexible manufacturing systems
  • Quality: six sigma design
  • Reference
  • Part 1 Manufacturing enterprises and systems

    Def

    Manufatuting is a collection of interrelated activities that includes product design and documentation, material selection, planning, production, quality assurance, management and marketing of goods.

    The fundamental goal of manufacturing is to use these activities to convert raw materials into finished goods on a profitable basis.

    A manufacturing strategy is a plan or process that forces congruence between the corporate objectives and the marketing goals and production capability of a company.

    <fig 1-4 p.11 order-winning criteria model>

    product life cycle


    <fig 1-6 p. 14 manufacturing standards>

    Cost of doing nothing

    1. product life cycle ages
    2. price is decreased due to competitive products
    3. volume is decreased due to product age
    4. overhead is spread over fewer units
    5. gross margins drop due to price cuts and overhead costs


    Solution

    world-class measures

    1. design and manufacturing lead time by product
    2. inventory turns by product
    3. setup times on production equipment
    4. production efficiency by product
    5. employee output/productivity by product
    6. total quality and rework
    7. the number of product improvement suggestions per day per employee

    Computer-Integrated-Manufacturing

    Def

    CIM is the integration of the total manufacturing enterprise through the use of integrated systems and data communications coupled with new managerial philosophies that improve organisational and personnel efficiency.

    <fig 1-8 p.23 manufacturing enterprise wheel>

    CIM process
    step 1  Assesment of the enterprise in : technology, human resources, systems.
    step 2  Elimination of waste

    Rules of elimination  (3 steps)

                                                                            (total %)
    1. reduce by 50%                                         (50)
    2. reduce by 50% again                                (75)
    3. make it 10% of what it originally was     (90)


    step 3  Implement with performance measure (7 measures above)

    Example
    Performance report card case history

                              baseline     6 months  18 months
    cycle time                  18 weeks   6 weeks   1 week
    inventory turns              4         8         48
    quality (finished part)     85%       95%       99.8%
    floor space                 800 ft2   400 ft2   89 ft2
     

    Product development cycle

    1. market research
    2. management review
    3. design engineering
    4. production engineering
    5. manufacturing
    6. customer use

    Enterprise organisation

    <fig 2-8 p.55 manufacturing organisation>
     


    <fig 2-13 p.61 production sequence>

    benefit
    <fig 2-15 p.67 enterprise improvement>
     

    Part 2 Design to Products

    Design process

    1. conceptualisation
    2. synthesis
    3. analysis
    4. evaluation
    5. documentation
    - form
    - fit      (marketing fit)
    - function

    Def

    repetitive design is the application of the design process to a new product by using pieces of previously designed items or small variations from previous designs.

    concept design is the application of the design process for the creation of a new product that is unique, with no similarity to any product currently produced.

    Synthesis
    - design enrichment
    - design for assembly
    - design for manufacturing

    Def

    concurrent engineering implies that the design of a product and the systems to manufacture, service, and ultimately dipose of the product are considered from the initial design concept.

    <fig 3-13 p.84 traditional product development process>
    <fig 3-15 p.86 concurrent engineering >

    Production engineering
    1 process planning
    2 production machine programming
    3 tool and fixture engineering
    4 work and production standards
    5 plant engineering
    6 analysis for manufacturability and assembly
    7 manufacturing cost estimating
     

    Def

    process planning is the procedure used to develop a detailed list of manufacturing operations required for the production of a part or product.

    <fig 3-16 p.90 process planning>
    <fig 3-17 p.91-92 manufacturing processes>
     

    Design automation CAD

    computer-aided-design
     

    Def

    CAD is the application of computers and graphics software to aid or enhance the product design from conceptualisation to documentation.
     

    design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA)

    Def

    DFMA is any procedure or design process that considers the production factors from the beginning of the product design.

    Ten guidelines for design for assembly (Welter 1989)

    1. minimise the number of parts
    2. minimise assembly surfaces
    3. design for top-down assembly
    4. improve assembly access
    5. maximise part compliance
    6. maximise part symmetry
    7. optimise part handling
    8. avoid separate fasteners
    9. provide parts with integral self-locking features
    10. focus on modular design


    Design analysis
    - static
    - dynamic
    - natural frequency
    - heat transfer
    - motion
    - fluid

    Design verification
    - dimensioning, tolerancing

    Tolerance analysis

    Process planning

    <fig 5-23 p.167 example of process planning>
    <fig 5-25-26 p.170 process planning system>
    <fig 5-33 p.177 APT program>

    <fig 5-38 p. 187 enterprise network>
     

    Part 3  Manufacturing resource planning & Quality

    Big picture

    Def

    Aggregate planning is the generation of a production plan that utilises the enterprise resources efficiently to meet customer demand.

    Manufacturing resource planning (MRP)

    <fig 6-7 p.206 MRP>
    <fig 6-8 p.208 input/output of MRP>

    Production planning

    <fig 7-1 p.230 production planning>

    inventory management
    product data management: bill of materials

    <fig 7-12 p.240 BOM>

    <case study production systems  ford + toyota p.256>

    Just-In-Time manufacturing

    Def

    JIT is a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity.

    - have only the required inventory when needed
    - zero defects
    - reduce lead times by: reducing setup times, queue lengths, lot sizes.
    - revise incrementally the operations
    - accomplish these activities at minimum cost.

    zero-inventory manufacturing
     

    Seven waste (Hall 1987)


    MRP pushes, JIT pulls

    Automation

    <fig 9-9 p.331 future database>
     

    Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

    Def

    FMS is one manufacturing machine, or mulitple manufacturing machines that are integrated by an automated material handling system, under whose operation is managed by a computerised control system.  An FMS can be configured by computer control to manufacture various products.
    (Graham 1988)

    <fig 10-22 p. 369 FMS>

    Five levels of technology in FMS
    1 enterprise : scheduling
    2 system
    3 cell : machine cells, tool gauge, load/unload etc.
    4 machine : CNC, testing machines
    4 device : motors, sensors

    Fixed high volume production

    <fig 10-26 p.377-378 rear-axle production line>

    Machines

    Industrial robots
    <fig 11-21 p.404 robot survey form>

    automated warehousing

    <fig 12-2 p.429 cell controller>

    work-cell management software
    - product monitoring
    - process monitoring
    - equipment monitoring
    - program distribution
    - alert and alarm management
    - statictical quality and process control
    - data and event logger
    - work dispatching and scheduling
    - tool tracking and control
    - inventory tracking and management
    - report generator on cell activity
    - problem determination
    - operator support
    - off-line programming

    Manufacturing message specification (MMS ISO standard 9506)

    Programmable logic controllers (PLC)
    <fig 12-12 p.442 PLC>
    <fig 12-16 p.447 PLC programming>

    Quality six sigma design

    process variation and design tolerance

    proces variance +- 3 sigma
    99.74 % of all production falls +- 3 sigma
    (0.26 % lies outside)

    if +- 1.5 sigma, 0.62% lies outside
    1 million parts defects 6200

    +- 5 sigma defects 200 parts per million

    +- 6 sigma, near zero defect, a shift of +- 1.5 sigma on critical spec. yields 3.4 defects per million.

    The basis for six sigma design is a focuses effort on making the maximum limits on critical dimensional tolerance of parts twice the width of process variability.
     

    Reference

    J. Rehg and H. Kraebber, Computer-Integrated-Manufacturing, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.